Study Guide Questions for Fahrenheit 451 Essay Example for Free

Study Guide Questions for Fahrenheit 451 Essay Answer the following questions in paragraph form. These questions should act as a reading guide and are not intended to replace careful reading of the novels themes and development. Part I: The Hearth and the Salamander (pages 3-14) 1. What do the fireman do for a living? For a living the â€Å"fireman† burns books and occasionally some people, if they are with the book. It’s quite different that what firemen do today. 2. In the opening scene, why are the books compared to birds? In the opening scene, the books are refered to as flapping pigeon-winged books because the burning pages look as if they are wings of a bird flapping up and down. 3. What does Montag think of his job? Montag enjoys his job burning books and takes great pride in it. At the beginning of the novel, it largely defines his character. The opening passage describes the pleasure he experiences while burning books. He loves the spectacle of burning and seeing things â€Å"changed† by the fire. 4. Who does Montag meet on the way home? He meets his new neighbor, an inquisitive and unusual seventeen-year-old named Clarisse McClellan. She immediately recognizes him as a fireman and seems fascinated by him and his uniform. She explains that she is â€Å"crazy† and proceeds to suggest that the original duty of firemen was to extinguish fires rather than to light them. She asks him about his job and tells him that she comes from a strange family that does such peculiar things as talk to each other and walk places. Clarisse’s strangeness makes Guy nervous, and he laughs repeatedly and involuntarily. 5. During his conversation, Montag says that You never wash it off completely referring to the kerosene. What could this mean symbolically? This could mean that Montag always acts and thinks like a fireman, even when hes not working; that being a fireman affects the way you see the world. It could also mean that Montag doesnt want to wash off the smell completely, that he likes and is proud of it. 6. Speculate: Why do you think that Bradbury would introduce Clarisse before Montags wife, Mildred? I think that Bradbury introduces Clarisse before Mildred because of the impact she has on Montags way of thought and sense of being in the world. Even though she is his wife, Millie really has little bearing on causing change in Montag. She is representative of the Status Quo, the way things are. Yet, Clarisse is a voice, the first real and definitive voice that represents how things should be for Montag. She is the first voice to challenge him and compel him to think and reflect about how what he is doing needs to stop.

Reduce Prevent And Cope With Stress English Language Essay

Reduce Prevent And Cope With Stress English Language Essay It may seem that theres nothing you can do about your stress level. The bills arent going to stop coming, there will never be more hours in the day for all your errands, and your career or family responsibilities will always be demanding. But you have a lot more control than you might think. In fact, the simple realization that youre in control of your life is the foundation of stress management. Managing stress is all about taking charge: taking charge of your thoughts, your emotions, your schedule, your environment, and the way you deal with problems. The ultimate goal is a balanced life, with time for work, relationships, relaxation, and fun plus the resilience to hold up under pressure and meet challenges head on. Identify the sources of stress in your life Stress management starts with identifying the sources of stress in your life. This isnt as easy as it sounds. Your true sources of stress arent always obvious, and its all too easy to overlook your own stress-inducing thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Sure, you may know that youre constantly worried about work deadlines. But maybe its your procrastination, rather than the actual job demands, that leads to deadline stress. To identify your true sources of stress, look closely at your habits, attitude, and excuses: Do you explain away stress as temporary (I just have a million things going on right now) even though you cant remember the last time you took a breather? Do you define stress as an integral part of your work or home life (Things are always crazy around here) or as a part of your personality (I have a lot of nervous energy, thats all). Do you blame your stress on other people or outside events, or view it as entirely normal and unexceptional? Until you accept responsibility for the role you play in creating or maintaining it, your stress level will remain outside your control. Start a stress journal A stress journal can help you identify the regular stressors in your life and the way you deal with them. Each time you feel stressed, keep track of it in your journal. As you keep a daily log, you will begin to see patterns and common themes. Write down: What caused your stress (make a guess if youre unsure). How you felt, both physically and emotionally. How you acted in response. What you did to make yourself feel better. Look at how you currently cope with stress Think about the ways you currently manage and cope with stress in your life. Your stress journal can help you identify them. Are your coping strategies healthy or unhealthy, helpful or unproductive? Unfortunately, many people cope with stress in ways that compound the problem. Unhealthy ways of coping with stress These coping strategies may temporarily reduce stress, but they cause more damage in the long run: Smoking Drinking too much Overeating or under-eating Zoning out for hours in front of the TV or computer Withdrawing from friends, family, and activities Using pills or drugs to relax  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sleeping too much Procrastinating Filling up every minute of the day to avoid facing problems Taking out your stress on others (lashing out, angry outbursts, physical violence) Learning healthier ways to manage stress If your methods of coping with stress arent contributing to your greater emotional and physical health, its time to find healthier ones. There are many healthy ways to manage and cope with stress, but they all require change. You can either change the situation or change your reaction. When deciding which option to choose, its helpful to think of the four As: avoid, alter, adapt, or accept. Since everyone has a unique response to stress, there is no one size fits all solution to managing it. No single method works for everyone or in every situation, so experiment with different techniques and strategies. Focus on what makes you feel calm and in control. Dealing with Stressful Situations: The Four As Change the situation: Avoid the stressor. Alter the stressor.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Change your reaction: Adapt to the stressor. Accept the stressor. Stress management strategy #1: Avoid unnecessary stress Not all stress can be avoided, and its not healthy to avoid a situation that needs to be addressed. You may be surprised, however, by the number of stressors in your life that you can eliminate. Learn how to say no   Know your limits and stick to them. Whether in your personal or professional life, refuse to accept added responsibilities when youre close to reaching them. Taking on more than you can handle is a surefire recipe for stress. Avoid people who stress you out   If someone consistently causes stress in your life and you cant turn the relationship around, limit the amount of time you spend with that person or end the relationship entirely.   Take control of your environment   If the evening news makes you anxious, turn the TV off. If traffics got you tense, take a longer but less-traveled route. If going to the market is an unpleasant chore, do your grocery shopping online. Avoid hot-button topics   If you get upset over religion or politics, cross them off your conversation list. If you repeatedly argue about the same subject with the same people, stop bringing it up or excuse yourself when its the topic of discussion. Pare down your to-do list   Analyze your schedule, responsibilities, and daily tasks. If youve got too much on your plate, distinguish between the shoulds and the musts. Drop tasks that arent truly necessary to the bottom of the list or eliminate them entirely. Stress management strategy #2: Alter the situation If you cant avoid a stressful situation, try to alter it. Figure out what you can do to change things so the problem doesnt present itself in the future. Often, this involves changing the way you communicate and operate in your daily life. Express your feelings instead of bottling them up.  If something or someone is bothering you, communicate your concerns in an open and respectful way. If you dont voice your feelings, resentment will build and the situation will likely remain the same. Be willing to compromise.  When you ask someone to change their behavior, be willing to do the same. If you both are willing to bend at least a little, youll have a good chance of finding a happy middle ground. Be more assertive.  Dont take a backseat in your own life. Deal with problems head on, doing your best to anticipate and prevent them. If youve got an exam to study for and your chatty roommate just got home, say up front that you only have five minutes to talk. Manage your time better.  Poor time management can cause a lot of stress. When youre stretched too thin and running behind, its hard to stay calm and focused. But if you plan ahead and make sure you dont overextend yourself, you can alter the amount of stress youre under. Stress management strategy #3: Adapt to the stressor If you cant change the stressor, change yourself. You can adapt to stressful situations and regain your sense of control by changing your expectations and attitude. Reframe problems.  Try to view stressful situations from a more positive perspective. Rather than fuming about a traffic jam, look at it as an opportunity to pause and regroup, listen to your favorite radio station, or enjoy some alone time. Look at the big picture.  Take perspective of the stressful situation. Ask yourself how important it will be in the long run. Will it matter in a month? A year? Is it really worth getting upset over? If the answer is no, focus your time and energy elsewhere. Adjust your standards.  Perfectionism is a major source of avoidable stress. Stop setting yourself up for failure by demanding perfection. Set reasonable standards for yourself and others, and learn to be okay with good enough. Focus on the positive.  When stress is getting you down, take a moment to reflect on all the things you appreciate in your life, including your own positive qualities and gifts. This simple strategy can help you keep things in perspective. Adjusting Your Attitude How you think can have a profound affect on your emotional and physical well-being. Each time you think a negative thought about yourself, your body reacts as if it were in the throes of a tension-filled situation. If you see good things about yourself, you are more likely to feel good; the reverse is also true. Eliminate words such as always, never, should, and must. These are telltale marks of self-defeating thoughts. Source:  National Victim Assistance Academy, U.S. Department of Justice Stress management strategy #4: Accept the things you cant change Some sources of stress are unavoidable. You cant prevent or change stressors such as the death of a loved one, a serious illness, or a national recession. In such cases, the best way to cope with stress is to accept things as they are. Acceptance may be difficult, but in the long run, its easier than railing against a situation you cant change. Dont try to control the uncontrollable.  Many things in life are beyond our control- particularly the behavior of other people. Rather than stressing out over them, focus on the things you can control such as the way you choose to react to problems. Look for the upside.  As the saying goes, What doesnt kill us makes us stronger. When facing major challenges, try to look at them as opportunities for personal growth. If your own poor choices contributed to a stressful situation, reflect on them and learn from your mistakes. Share your feelings.  Talk to a trusted friend or make an appointment with a therapist. Expressing what youre going through can be very cathartic, even if theres nothing you can do to alter the stressful situation. Learn to forgive.  Accept the fact that we live in an imperfect world and that people make mistakes. Let go of anger and resentments.  Free yourself from negative energy by forgiving and moving on. Stress management strategy #5: Make time for fun and relaxation Beyond a take-charge approach and a positive attitude, you can reduce stress in your life by nurturing yourself. If you regularly make time for fun and relaxation, youll be in a better place to handle lifes stressors when they inevitably come. Healthy ways to relax and recharge Go for a walk. Spend time in nature. Call a good friend. Sweat out tension with a good workout. Write in your journal. Take a long bath. Light scented candles Savor a warm cup of coffee or tea. Play with a pet. Work in your garden. Get a massage. Curl up with a good book. Listen to music. Watch a comedy Dont get so caught up in the hustle and bustle of life that you forget to take care of your own needs. Nurturing yourself is a necessity, not a luxury. Set aside relaxation time.  Include rest and relaxation in your daily schedule. Dont allow other obligations to encroach. This is your time to take a break from all responsibilities and recharge your batteries. Connect with others.  Spend time with positive people who enhance your life. A strong support system will buffer you from the negative effects of stress. Do something you enjoy every day.  Make time for leisure activities that bring you joy, whether it be stargazing, playing the piano, or working on your bike. Keep your sense of humor.  This includes the ability to laugh at yourself. The act of laughing helps your body fight stress in a number of ways. Learn the relaxation response You can control your stress levels with relaxation techniques that evoke the bodys relaxation response, a state of restfulness that is the opposite of the stress response. Regularly practicing these techniques will build your physical and emotional resilience, heal your body, and boost your overall feelings of joy and equanimity. Stress management strategy #6: Adopt a healthy lifestyle You can increase your resistance to stress by strengthening your physical health.   Exercise regularly.  Physical activity plays a key role in reducing and preventing the effects of stress. Make time for at least 30 minutes of exercise, three times per week. Nothing beats aerobic exercise for releasing pent-up stress and tension. Eat a healthy diet.  Well-nourished bodies are better prepared to cope with stress, so be mindful of what you eat. Start your day right with breakfast, and keep your energy up and your mind clear with balanced, nutritious meals throughout the day. Reduce caffeine and sugar.  The temporary highs caffeine and sugar provide often end in with a crash in mood and energy. By reducing the amount of coffee, soft drinks, chocolate, and sugar snacks in your diet, youll feel more relaxed and youll sleep better. Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs.  Self-medicating with alcohol or drugs may provide an easy escape from stress, but the relief is only temporary. Dont avoid or mask the issue at hand; deal with problems head on and with a clear mind. Get enough sleep.  Adequate sleep fuels your mind, as well as your body. Feeling tired will increase your stress because it may cause you to think irrationally.

Energy Resources and Environmental Impact :: Economy Economics Essays

Energy Resources and Environmental Impact We have in our possession, a variety of energy resources that can be used to replace, some of the more harmful fuels utilized today. Nevertheless, even with all these options we have yet to make a certified effort in the upgrading of our current systems of energy production. Of course this in many ways is tied to politics and economic issues. Yet it is my passionate belief that these should not over power that which is ultimately more important which is the welfare of the environment. Why so much interest in the subject you might ask? Well in truth it stems from the recent class we had on geothermal energy. Out of all the processes we’ve covered so far this one interested me the most. However, when discussed in the classroom I felt that only the positive aspects of the procedure were highlighted. Although a beneficiary way of energy production, I was curious to see it repercussions. Because no system is perfect, this one should be no different, on top of that there had to be a reason why it isn’t as popular as it should be given its efficiency. As the world's largest energy resource, geothermal energy can be inexhaustible. The resource is constantly replenished by circulating ground waters, therefore if the fluids are extracted at a sustainable rate, the resource will be available for future generations.Geothermal energy is probably one of the safest and most reliable sources of energy, outside solar energy. It is reliable (the source of heat, the Earth itself, is relatively constant), and hazard, in terms of unwanted waste products or catastrophic accidents, is nonexiste nt. There are atmospheric emissions from geothermal power plants which are predominantly CO2 and H2S. However, in the context of global climate change, geothermal has significantly lower CO2 emissions than fossil fuels. Atmospheric emissions from geothermal plants average only about 5% of the emissions from equivalent generation sized fossil fuel power plants. The actual land use for geothermal energy production is relatively small for both the fuel acquisition and the energy production. The common practice of re-injecting spent geothermal fluids means the impacts on aquatic life have been eliminated. Geothermal plants also co-exist successfully with other land uses. Adverse environmental impacts of geothermal development may include land subsidence and increased microseismic activity. However such adverse factors need to be balanced against the more obvious advantages of geothermal over fossil fuels.

Fitting In :: essays research papers

Fitting in Fitting in is an important part of life because it has almost everything to do with turning out in life. Knowing the right people will directly effect a persons life later on, job wise and high school reunions. Part of fitting in is rejection. This happens because when someone does not reject a particular person then they might be rejected for not rejecting that person. "... waking up in the morning and wondering if anyone would really miss me." this is a thought that might course through someone's mind after being rejected. Most people respond differently, Some people might dress and act totally different just to try to "fit in" that way. Most will just forget about that group or single person. I have often observed that people often times try to find out why that person or group rejected them and try to make it better. Being rejected is like someone saying "You do not fit in with us so leave us alone" its a nasty feeling. Some people let others down easy and that is nice of them. Why is it so hard to fit in? There is so much social pressure now that it is getting harder and harder to "fit in". When I say social pressure I mean how to act, look, sound, walk, and so on. Clothes play a very important role in fitting in with the crowd. People say that a first impression is the most important one so people try to make the best first impression by dressing up or showing someone there not. Some people try to stay in fashion, they do this to stand out or be noticed. A huge role in fitting in is changing or, in other words, being someone you are not. To describe this I think of putting on a mask over your whole body. Some people just spend all day "lying there and thinking about all the stupid things I've done today." Lastly, being liked by other people is what "fitting in" is all about. Like I said before, you change yourself, dramatically sometimes, just to fit in. Changing yourself might include dress, hair, self. Changing yourself might just make it harder to fit in so people just stick to what they have changed themselves since they do not know what else to do. Often people wonder "What if I say this to them, well if I say this then they might not like me. Even though...." Emotional stress can damage a person so much they just do not care anymore. Individuals will do amazing things just to achieve "Fitting in" after

needs :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Southerland 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   CPR  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There may come a time in your life when a person you know and love will have some type of medical emergency during which they will need help to survive. Whether something gets stuck in the airway or the heart stops beating, lost minutes can be fatal. The best way to be prepared for something like this is to know how to do cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If you have a baby under a year old that seems to be struggling for air and might even have started to turn blue, what would you do? If you knew CPR, you could very possibly save a life. First, you will need to assess the situation. Look, listen, and feel for breathing. If the baby is not breathing but is moving its arms and legs, lay the baby face down in your lap toward your feet. Be sure to support the baby’s head, and make sure the head is lower than its body. Perform five back blows between the baby’s shoulder blades. This should dislodge anything that is stuck in its airway. Now, turn the baby over and preform five chest thrusts, by placing your third and fourth fingers a half inch below the nipples in the center of the chest and making compressions a half-inch deep. Next, look into the baby’s mouth for any foreign object. If you see anything in the baby’s mouth, stick your finger into the baby’s mouth to remove the foreign object. If you don’t see an object, then repeat the process. If the baby becomes unconscious, then call 911. Try to stay calm because if you lose control, you won’t be able to help. Now, if the baby is not breathing or moving, you will need to gently tap him/her on the shoulder and shout. If there is no response, you will need to begin infant CPR. To do this, you will need to place the baby on its back. Tilt the head back slightly to open the airway. Make sure you don’t tilt the head too far, or you could hurt the neck. If the baby is still not breathing, cover his/her mouth and nose with   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Southerland 2 your mouth and give two small puffs of breath. Each breath should be one and a half to two seconds long. You should see the baby’s chest rise with each breath. Next, position your third and fourth fingers in the center of the baby’s chest half an inch below the nipples, and give five gentle chest compressions at the rate of 100 compressions per minute.

Explain the principal social perspective

Functionalism is a structural (macro) perspective that suggests that our behaviour is influenced by the society is organised. They believe that the institutions have a major impact on how we behave in the society. The individuals are constrained by the society, and the functionalists views the individuals in the society as a puppets. Functionalists says we as an individual have little power about what we do and the institution influences us. This can be seen in society in form of laws, norms, values (norm underpins values), beliefs and relationship. This theory suggests that the individuals in the society must behave properly; otherwise, they are regarded as deviant and are punished. Functionalism believes that every part of the society are interdependent with each other, which helps society to keep going. It is almost like a human body, where different parts of the body has a function together, which keep it alive and healthy; this is called organic analogy. For instance, the family helps by bringing up the next generation about the patterns of shared and stable behaviour that are called social order. Different social institution such as, legal system, political system, health system, family system and education system work together to maintain a stable society from generation to generation. For instance, the legal system provides laws, norms that underpin values, safety, discipline and order and the health system provides free health services, family system provides help in reproduction that increases the economy. All of these institutions together to form an ‘integrated whole’ society or social structure. The major function of these social constitutions are to make individual to follow the norms that underpins values and internalize them, which leads to value consensus. According to Talcott Parson, society is based on value consensus where shared and common values and behavioural norms lead to a common culture. Consensus is an agreement in the society about the values, and have freedom, equality, justice and fairness. These values are acquired by passing down from generation to generation, through primary socialisation. These values benefit everybody equally, some the example of values that exist in our society are right for equality, justice and privacy. There are mechanism of social control in the society, like punishment and rewards. Socialisation and social control ensure that there is equilibrium in the society. The process of socialisation achieves equilibrium in the society, whereas family, religion, law and mass media, which are the agents of socialisation, are responsible for maintaining the equilibrium. The functionalist believes that the western societies are meritocratic, which means the system rewards the individual in the society based on their effort and talent and social mobility is possible in this system. They also believe that people in the society can achieve status by working hard and there is equality of opportunity in the society. Talcott Parsons proposed the functionalist approach, which considers health and illness and assumes negative definition of health. He described that illness is a form of deviance that distracts proper functioning of the society, in the same way that crime does. Ill members in the society must perform a social role where sick role consists of four elements, two of which are right and responsibilities. The rights associated with the sick role was to be excused from normal social obligation and be cared for, whereas the responsibilities were to take steps to get better and co-operating with the medical professionals such as doctors. This view suggests that ill must be cared for and must be dealt with as soon as possible in order for the society to run smoothly. 1. Marxism The founder of Marxism is Karl Marx (1818-1883), who was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist and revolutionary socialist. Marxism structural (macro) perspective, where our behaviour is determined by the way society is organised. The social institutions such as laws, rules and norms have big impact on how we behave and we are controlled by the society. Marxists believes that the society is not interdependent, instead it believes that economy is the base or infrastructure of the society, and our behaviour depends upon the economy of the society. Marxists sees the society as a system that operates to make profit for the upper class. Whereas the working class are socially engineered to conform the needs of the upper class who benefit from the societies using capitalist economic system. Capitalists exists all around the world and the economies of industrial societies in the west are based on capitalism. Marxists explains that the capitalists economies compromises two main social class; the capitalists and the workers. The upper class people were the capitalists who were regarded as powerful, whereas the workers or the labours were the lower class people and were seen as powerless puppets. The capitalists exploits the workers since they do not get recognition for what they do as get have minimum wage and make surplus profit by persuading the lower class to buy the goods by advertising. The capitalists are opposite of socialism since the capitalists control what we think and what we do, the working class people are ‘brain washed’ into accepting set of beliefs that benefits the capitalists. These messages are seen to be transmitted through the cultural institutions such as media, which are controlled by the capitalists to influence the workers. The capitalists creates the dominant values that benefits the powerful and disadvantages the powerless. For instance, the monarch claim their position as god gifted and the religion help supports their point, due to which the working class people are convinced to what have to say since they have faith in their religion. Inequality in capitalist societies still exists and is unfair but they do not recognise it because the capitalists convince them that it is their fault for not achieving what they want. For instance, the capitalists would convince working class by saying the GCSE result of upper class is higher than that of lower class because they have been able to provide private tutors for their children, and it would be their fault if their children got low grade, since they were not able to provide their children with private tutors. Marxist believes that the definition of health and illness and the health and social care services provided to the powerless serve the interests of the powerful dominant classes. The capitalists regard people who do not produce wealth as unhealthy. Marxists believe that doctors are the example of agents that work for capitalists interests rather than those of patients so that they can go to work as soon as possible and provide the capitalists with healthy work force. The government allows the capitalists to make profit from the products that cause health issues, such as alcohol and tobacco. The industries that capitalists establish cause to pollute the atmosphere and produce toxic waste that affect the people and get ill. This approach believes that illness is related to difference in the social class. For instance, poverty-stricken areas have higher levels of illness and have lower life expectancy. According to this approach, the government do no handle this issue as this would make people ill, as this leads this money and the capitalists would make advantage of it. 1. Feminists Feminism is a range of movements and ideologies that work towards goal, which establish and achieve equal political, economic, cultural, personal and social rights for women. Feminism seeks to establish equal opportunities for women in different sectors like education and employment and supports for equal rights and equality of women. The feminists believe that gender inequality still exists in today’s society. Feminism is a perspective that believes that women are disadvantaged in the society and should have equal rights with the men. The feminists are critical of patriarchy. Patriarchy is a social system where the men hold the power and authority. The women have fought throughout the history for their rights and equality, which caused creation of waves of feminism. The first wave was observed in the mid late 19th century, campaigning for the change in rights for the women in early 20th century. They campaigned for two main strategy; right to vote and right to be educated. In 1928, the women were given the right to vote, but only rich women over 30 who owned property were allowed. The second wave of feminism was observed from 1960s, this lead to the formation of Women’s Rights Movement (WRM) and Women’s Liberation Movement (WLM). These organisations campaigned for right to equal pay act, domestic violence, sex discrimination, employment, violence services, education, family and health & social care. WRM and WLM were successful in achieving their rights for Equal pay Act in (1970), Sex Discrimination Act (1975) and right to be educated and be employed. Due to variation in opinion of causes of gender inequality and solutions to it, there was formation of three types of feminism; liberal feminism, Marxist feminism and radical feminism. Liberal feminism proposed that gender inequality stills exists in the society because of social and cultural attitudes that is gained by the process of socialisation i.e. primary and secondary socialisation. Liberal feminist helped to promote equality through Sex Discrimination and Equal Pay Act. Marxist feminism explained that the capitalists to earn profit using women. They would persuade women to buy groceries such as fabric softener, so that they would spend their money and exploit them. Radical feminism explains that the society is ruled by the men, whereas the female are oppressed, exploited and are regarded as second-class citizen. It states that men exploit women by relying on free domestic labour and men may use aggression to control women in the home. Through the gender role socialisation, wo men are convinced to accept female subordination and see motherhood as a key goal in life. The feminist writers have focused male domination in the medical profession and its effects on women. They are concerned with the way in which pregnancy and childbirth have been regarded as a medical issue rather than as natural process. Feminist writers have protested on the way which the medical professions and related pharmaceutical industries have given low priority about development and promotion of male contraceptives. It explains how women had to face medical conditions such as mental health, anxiety and depression using the contraceptives, due to which their position in the society is exploited. Theorist have been concerned about the impact of social inequality on women’s health and dual role of women. 1. Interactionism The founder of interactionism was Max Weber. Interpretivist describe that the society and the social structure are seen as the creation of individuals. Unlike functionalists, they see individuals of the society as actors not as puppets. The individuals have free will and are able to make choices of their own. Unlike in the functionalism, the power come from bottom to up. They believe that the people’s choices or decisions are influenced by how they make sense of social situations. For instance, marriage means different things to different person; an individual whose parents are divorced might have negative definition of marriage, whereas the individual who have grown up in a good family might have positive definition of marriage. The Interpretivist suggests that people make impression on how you perceive symbols, they make impression on what you wear. For instance, people will make assumption that you are smart, just because you wear glasses. These theorists are concerned with the small or micro scale situations rather than the systems, they focus on the individuals in social interaction situations. Interpretivist believe that our identity is based on how we see ourselves or how other sees us. For instance, if a student in the school is praised and us labelled as smart, then he/she might do better his/her studies as this helps to boost their self-esteem. We get influenced by media, friends and family about how we see ourselves. According to Browne labelling refers to â€Å"defining a person or a group in a certain way-as a particular ‘type‘ of person or a group†. According to Interpretivist people are attached to the labelled and it can actually damage some group of people such as disabled people. The person labelled behaves in the same way expected and they have fulfilled the prophecy and lived up to the label. Interactionist believe that health and illness are the product of social construction that affects people’s wellbeing. They believe that disease is socially constructed†. Disease does not exist as a social phenomenon until it is somehow perceived as existing† (Rosenberg 1989). This approach focuses on negotiation between the patients and medical practitioners. For instance, a female patient would feel comfortable to talk to female doctor about her reproductive health rather than a male doctor. They are concerned with labelling and self-image and social interaction differences affected by class, ethnicity and age. Symbolic interactionism is critical of Marxists and Functionalists as Interpretivist look individual as subjective through doctor and patient exchange. The argument here is that illness is a social diagnosis among actors rather than just a matter of physiological malfunction. 1. Postmodernism Postmodernism is an approach in sociology as well as in other subjects, which believes that society is changing rapidly and continuously, which is marked as an uncertainty and the social structure are being replaced by whole range of different and constantly changing social relationships. This theory believes that modern society was developed at around 1750s and has been replaced by the end of 20th century due to massive social change. The Functionalists and the Marxism perspective might be interested in modernity as they thought that if properly understood, societies could be improved. But the postmodernists argue that there is no longer a place in sociology for these type of theory. This theory suggests that the postmodern society has no progress, predictability (norms that people would predict to behave), order and continuity, due to which insecurities and anxiety has been developed in people living in postmodern society as people do not know how to behave and what is expected from others. Order, predictability and continuity are essential as it gives us routine and reassurance that provides us safety and security. Society has changed as it has gone through different industrial revolution or industrialisation, technological advances, urbanisation and secularisation. Industrialisation is the process of going from agricultural economy to heavy industrial/manufacturing economy. Secularisation is the decline of belief in religion due to rise of science whereas urbanisation means movement of people from rural areas to towns and cities. Postmodernists suggests that modern society no longer exists and we live in a postmodern era or in post modernity, where the society is media saturated. Due to the revolution of technology, globalisation has occurred where the world has become a smaller place to live in. The mass media has dominated our lives to the extent that we confuse media images with reality. This theory concludes that people in the postmodern society can have their own form of identities, how they want to see themselves or how they want to define themselves. There is diversity, choices and ‘pick and mix’ culture in this society. There is no imposition on people on how to behave and there is flexibility in the work. Due to fluidity and flexibility in the postmodern society, people might feel insecure and unsafe. 1. Collectivists and New Rights Collectivists Collectivists believes that their goal are more important than the individual goals because they believe that society as a whole has more importance than the individual alone. This theory focuses on the importance of the society and community and gives priority to the group goals than the individual goals. This approach aims to address the inequalities in the society due to different levels of wealth and status in the society. With an aim to sort out the inequalities, welfare state was established to get rid of five giant evils; want (poverty), idleness (unemployment), squalor (poor quality housing) and ignorance (underachievement). Services were made free after these giant evils were identified. To eradicate disease existing in the society, NHS service was established in 1948 to make sure that the people lived healthy life. The basic principle of collectivism is to provide people with education, health and social services for the individuals in the society who cannot afford it through taxes then access on the basis of rights as opposed to the ability to pay. These helped to provide foundation for the Welfare State which is based on the collectivists principle ‘cradle to grave’ or child to old age pension. This approach was adopted by The Labour Party who represented workers which aimed for the redistribution of wealth through taxes. In this policy, the government would cut off taxes from the wealthy people and share it with the poor (shares some ideas with Marxists). Collectivists believes that we have equal rights and the government should administer responsibility for Welfare State. The New Rights criticises the Collectivism as it creates the dependency culture. They point out that people become irresponsible, lazy and don not work as benefits are demotivating for the people. New rights The New Right was popular during 1980s. They are the political movement with a considerable cultural influence that looks at individualism and distrust of the state as controlling and interfering in what is essentially the private world of the individual. They proposed to cut the public spending and cut taxes. They wanted the rich people to have more money to spend money as they choose. The New rights was critical of Collectivists stating that the rising costs to government of the welfare state were preventing the economic growth and the individuals were becoming dependant on the welfare state. The New Rights were critical of public services owned/controlled by the government and they preferred pro private services e.g. education and health care. The New Right is argued to favour ‘the rich’, but they believe that everybody in the society has equal opportunity, so anyone can become rich. E.g. Alan Sugar. They believe that people must be responsible for their own and their family’s welfare and they should not be dependent on the government. The New Rights are completely opposite to Collectivism. The most radical New Rights would abolish the Welfare State. g) Bio-medical and social models Bio medical Model Biomedical model focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. The doctors or the health care professionals are associated with the care and treatment of diseases in this model of health. The bio medical model accept a ‘negative’ definition of health. The negative definition of health explains that the individual believes that they have good state of health and wellbeing because they have absence of physical illness, disease, injury, mental stress, free from pain and discomfort. The bio medical model of is dominant model in our society since it is based on objectivity thus this model has influenced or convinced people in the society. This model emphasises on diagnosis and treatment of the individuals separately from their living condition, due to which this model is not holistic approach. The reasons for illness are not at the centre of biomedical model. This model believes that health is a biological normality and describe that having ill health is deviant. This model believes that the disease is caused by identical factors such as germs, genes and accidents. They can be identified by having examination tests like blood, urine, saliva test, X-ray and MRI. They accept that the professionals diagnose disease then treatment is identified and cure is offered to the patient. The professionals views the human body as a machine and see things very clinically and do not really take consideration to people’s feeling. They often promote the view that disease or illness is temporary. This model indicates that we all have equal chance of getting ill and some people get ill due to weak health, whereas some people get ill due to factors such as weak sanitation. It assumes that medical treatment has had the most important impact on improving the health of individual. For instance, the NHS helps in the prolonged and preserves life, but this can be argued as health of an individual had already started to get better due to access to clean water, exercise and diet. The strength of bio medical model of health is that it is based on scientific knowledge and research and has provided many effective treatments for disease and physical condition. The bio medical model of health has be successful to provide many effective cure and treatments for disease throughout the history of humankind. The weakness of biomedical model of health is that the treatments can be expensive and require training or expertise to deliver and this model focuses on the individual and pays insufficient attention to environmental and social factors, which is not a holistic approach. Social Model The social model accepts the positive definition of health. The positive definition of health can be described as the achievement and maintenance of physical fitness and mental stability. This model believes that health is a relative concept and a social construct. For instance, being voluptuous centuries ago was a sign of good health, but today’s day it is regarded as health issue or overweight. This model claims that ill health is caused due to social factors (including environmental factors). For instance people can get ill because of the unhealthy diet they are consuming, poor living condition or pollution. This model is critical of ‘modern’ medicine, which are elements of biomedical model. E.g. Iatrogenisis medicine caused deformity in the baby consumed by pregnant mother eaten for nausea sickness. It argues with the biomedical model saying that illness is not randomly distributed and are critical of the assumption that medical treatments has had the most important impact on improving health. Social model can explain why population level health improvements were achieved when social conditions improved late 19th/early 20th centuries due to the improvement of sanitation and supply of clean water the health of population improved, and argues it was not because free health services was delivered to the people. The strengths of social model of health is that it focuses population health and takes a broad range of factors into account and it is widely used and understood by health care practitioners in developed countries. This model offers board and flexible and inclusive way of understanding health and illness. Whereas the weakness of this model is they do not have a clear way of identifying or classifying health problems and this model cannot explain illness or many mental health problems where there are no physical signs or symptoms, which can be distressing. The social model cannot be used to address an individual’s health problems, especially where emergency care is needed.

Kite Runner Quotes Essay

â€Å"There is a way to be good again†. This quote is one of the remarkable quotes of this book. It is used in the beginning of the novel to make it more interesting. The choice of using this quote was very smart, since it explains a lot of the plots just in one sentence. This was said by Rahim Khan who is very close to Amir. He is a person Amir respects very much and he is the one who tells Amir about his dad and Hassan being his step brother. This quote brings out the feeling of guilt Amir was feeling for so long time. But Rahim Khan insisted that Amir goes back to Kabul and get Hassan’s son out of the orphanage and bring him back to America to atone for his sin he had done when he was twelve. It also explains that no matter what you have done in the past doesn’t matter as long as you do good things in your future. â€Å"For you a thousand times over† This is another remarkable quote from this essay and is also very important. This was said by Hassan to Amir. The setting was in Kabul in a sunny day of winter. They were flying kites and in Kabul fighting with kites were very popular and after they had won the fight; Hassan insisted he would go get the loser’s kite for Amir. When Amir said make sure you bring it and Hassan answered that for you a thousand times over. This shows the bond of friendship, one of the main themes in this novel. It also shows how much Hassan cares about Amir that he is willing to do anything for him. But in reality he is Amir’s brother. â€Å"The curious thing was, I never thought of Hassan and me as friends either† This quote was said by Amir but it is very stereotypical. As well as shows how selfish Amir is. Being Amir’s brother Hassan was still the servant of the house and did everything Amir asked him to do. He went through a lot of hardships for Amir’s sake as well as takes a lot of insults. But in the end Amir betrayed Hassan and tried to frame him of being a thief and making him leave their house. Also the reason Amir felt this way was because he was embarrassed to think that their servant could be his friend. This is also why Amir’s life changes forever and the feeling of guilt which is one of the other main themes of this novel starts.