Thursday, November 28, 2019

Transaction Cost Economics free essay sample

Transaction cost economics (TCE) is most associated with the work of Oliver Williamson (see his book The Economic Institutions of Capitalism on the reading list), though he was building on earlier work, particularly by the Nobel prize winner Coase. One reason why the theory is so important is that it represents one of the first and most influential attempts to develop an economic theory that takes seriously the structure of firms. Previously, economic theories tended to treat the firm as a sort of â€Å"black box,† the internal workings of which were not considered to be important. This, of course, contrasts with most other people’s view of businesses, where the internal workings of the organization is given prominence. It is sometimes said that TCE attempts to explain why firms exist. That is, why are some transactions directed by managers in the context of a hierarchy, as opposed to taking place in an open market? It’s more accurate, though, to say that TCE tries to explain the particular structure of a firm, most importantly, the extent to which it will integrate vertically. We will write a custom essay sample on Transaction Cost Economics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It must be emphasised that while Williamson’s work is very distinctive, it falls well within mainstream economic thinking. It assumes that firms are profit maximising, and that profit maximisation involves costs minimisation. By implication, it is an equilibrium theory. It assumes rationality on the part of owners and/or managers. Where it differs is in stressing transaction costs as well as production costs. Williamson envisions production costs as being analogous to the cost of building and running an â€Å"ideal† machine, while transaction costs are those costs which are incurred by departures from perfection, such as friction. In the economic sector, the ideal machine would be a perfectly efficient market. As you know, such a market requires full information to be available to all parties and perfect competition, among other factors. Departures from this perfection (sometimes called â€Å"market failures†) can result in firms incurring costs when they attempt to buy or sell goods or services. For example, lack of information about alternative suppliers might lead to paying too high a price for a good. Lack of information about a customer’s creditworthiness might result in a bad debt. These are transaction costs. Williamson argues that firms want to minimise their total costs, which are made up of both production and transaction costs. Under some circumstances transaction costs may be lower if the transaction takes place in an open market, which in other situations costs will be lower if managers coordinate the transaction. Williamson’s contribution rests in specifying the variables that determine whether â€Å"market or hierarchy† will have the lower transaction costs in various circumstances. Before discussing these variables, though, we also need to mention the assumptions that Williamson makes that underpin the theory. It is important not to confuse these assumptions with the variables. The assumptions are unchanging contextual factors. They are important in that if these assumptions were not valid, then the arguments about the effects of the variables would not be valid. But the factors mentioned in the assumptions don’t themselves vary, and so they cannot explain variation in organizational structure. Assumptions 1. Bounded rationality 2. Opportunism Bounded rationality refers to the fact that people have limited memories and limited cognitive processing power. We can’t assimilate all the information at our disposal, we can’t accurately work out the consequences of the information we do have. A good metaphor is the game of chess. Despite knowing all the rules which fully specify the game, no one is capable of faultlessly analysing any given position during a chess game. This is partly because the game itself is inherently too complex (there are too many alternatives), and also because the actions of the opponent are unpredictable. Managers face the same problems. No matter how knowledgeable they might be, they cannot consider all the possible alternative courses of action. This is compounded by the fact that in reaching a decision they must take into account how competitors will react. Opportunism refers to the possibility that people will act in a self-interested way â€Å"with guile,† as Williamson puts it. That is, people may not be entirely honest and truthful about their intentions, or they might attempt to take advantage of unforeseen circumstances that gives them the chance to exploit another party. Williamson doesn’t assume that all people will act opportunistically all of the time. He merely assumes that some people will act opportunistically some of the time, and that you can’t tell in advance who is an opportunist and who is not. These two assumptions are important contextual factors, but in themselves they tell us nothing about why a firm will integrate vertically, because they are constant characteristics of our world. These assumptions represent something of a departure from standard economic models, but not a terribly dramatic one. People are still assumed to be rational, in the sense that they want to maximise the profits of the firms they manager, but that there are limits on their ability to make a truly rational decision to achieve this end. Similarly, self-interested behaviour is assumed in traditional economic theory, but guileful behaviour — â€Å"human nature as we know it,† as Williamson put it — is not expected. Variables 1. Frequency 2. Uncertainty 3. Asset specificity The real explanatory power of the theory, though, comes from the three dimensions or variables that are used to characterise any transaction. Transactions can be frequent or rare; have high or low uncertainty; or involve specific or non-specific assets. These three variables will, according to the theory, determine whether transaction costs will be lowest in a market or in a hierarchy. It is easiest to consider these variables with respect to decisions about whether to integrate vertically. Frequency is the most easily dealt with. There will never be a situation in which a firm would want to integrate vertically so as to bring â€Å"in-house† the provision of a good or service that is very rarely used. For example, most firms will not want to set up their own management consultancy departments because they only use the services of a management consultant on a very infrequent basis. If a firm did nevertheless set up its own consultancy, that department would have to try to sell its services to their parties in the periods when it was not doing consultancy within its parent company. But why should we expect such a department to be able to perform better than specialist consultants? In general, we would expect the firms for which consultancy is a â€Å"core competence† to do better. Of course, if firms use consultants frequently, they may decide to set up an in-house operation. National Westminster Bank, for example, have done just this, though they also use external consultants as well. Because frequency is so clear cut, it is usually omitted from detailed discussion. But note that this is not because it is unimportant. On the contrary, the effect of frequency on transaction costs is very strong. It is just that the case where the frequency of transactions is low isn’t very interesting. Uncertainty is more interesting. The issue here is how hard is it to foresee the eventualities that might occur during the course of the transaction. One obvious factor here is the length of time over which the transaction will take place. Transactions that take place on â€Å"spot markets† will have relatively little uncertainty, because one doesn’t have to predict the future. On the other hand, transactions that involve a commitment over some time have some uncertainty built in to them. An example we considered before is the printer agreeing to provide a service to a newspaper publisher. Both parties are likely to want a reasonably long term agreement to enable them to plan. But the very long term nature of the agreement adds to the uncertainty. How can the printer be sure that the publisher won’t go out of business during the life of the contract, thereby putting at risk her investment in a printing press? Uncertainty causes problems in part because of bounded rationality. We can’t foresee all possible eventualities. It might also come about because of information asymmetries: the printer doesn’t know as much about the financial health of the publisher than does the publisher himself. Uncertainty also causes problems because of the danger of opportunism. How does the printer know she can trust any figures that the publisher presents to her? How does she know that, having invested in a press, the publisher won’t try to renegotiate the contract at some future time? What we have to ask ourselves is will uncertainty be reduced by vertical integration? If so, will any savings in transaction costs be enough to outweigh any costs there might be associated with vertical integration — administrative costs, for example? In our example, uncertainty would be reduced by vertical integration of printer and publisher. Asset specificity is perhaps the most important element in Williamson’s theory. He argues that where transactions involve assets that are only valuable (or are much more valuable) in the context of a specific transaction, transaction costs will tend to be reduced by vertical integration. In our example, if transport costs mean that the printer would not be able to compete for business from other publishers, her printing press would be a highly transaction specific asset: it would only be of value in the context of transactions with one publisher. This variable is again only a problem in the context of bounded rationality and opportunism. It is this that makes it risky for the printer to invest in a press. Other things being equal, when transactions involve highly specific assets, transaction costs are likely to be lower in a hierarchy than in a market. The following table gives a summary of the relationship between asset specificity, uncertainty and governance structure. Asset specificity Low for both parties High for both parties High for one party, low for one party Uncertainty High Contract/vertical integration Vertical integration Vertical integration Low Spot contract Long-term contract Vertical integration TCE is perhaps most often applied to understanding vertical integration, but it can often be applied to any internalisation/externalisation question. For example, where employees develop skills â€Å"on-the-job† that are highly firm-specific, these skills can be considered to be transaction specific assets. The transaction in this case is the employment relation. As we know, this can take several forms, from highly temporary (such as seasonal farm work), which is similar to a â€Å"spot market†, to an internal labour market, which is analogous to vertical integration. Criticisms Although TCE is very useful, it is not without its critics. It is important to recognise some possible weaknesses in the theory. 1. The theory assumes that it is possible to neatly separate production and transaction costs, but in practice this is often not the case. More generally, it is often very difficult to measure transaction costs even if they can be defined. . Although TCE assumes that their are limits on the extent to which decision-makers can be rational (that is, it assumes bounded rationality), it still makes little allowance for the other factors that we know affect decision-making. For example, the profit maximising, cost minimising object is not considered to be problematic. In reality, we know that this is not the case. There are often conflicts of interest among managers, the interests of managers and shareholders may not be perfectly aligned, and so on. Consequently, power plays an important role in decision-making. 3. Reputation and trust are not considered. Transactions are treated as though they occur without any knowledge of previous transactions involving the parties concerned. Yet we know that trust does develop between people as they do business with each other. We know that a reputation for trustworthiness is an important business asset that firms will often be reluctant to jeopardise. Therefore, the assumption that we cannot judge ex ante who will be opportunistic is an oversimplification.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Free Essays on FORECASTING(Manegment)

Relate the situation with the world cup jerseys to the importance of forecasting. What specific factors make accurate forecasting especially critical in this application? WHAT IS FORECASTING: To foresee and make decisions accordingly is Forecasting. This is a word, which we can relate to a term Fortune telling. Forecasts are vital to every business organization and for every significant management decision. Forecasting is the basis of corporate long run planning. But it has to be remembered that a perfect forecast is usually impossible. Too many factors in the business environment cannot be predicted with certainty. Therefore, rather than search for the perfect forecast, it is far more important to establish the practice of to learn to live with inaccurate forecast. Relationship of Forecasting with W/C Jerseys: During the time of world cup, the jerseys of the participating team were a product, which would sell like hot cake. And for the athletic apparel companies that pay thousands of dollars to sponsor the top teams in the world cup, it is the time for them to recoup some of their investments. And to do this they have to predict before hand which team is going to win the world cup. Usually, the top teams like Brazil, Italy, and Argentina are always top favorite to win the world cup. But besides these countries other country jerseys are also hot favorite. Like during the first world cup of the new millennium held in Korea, the jerseys of Korea were sold weeks before their surprising run into the semifinals. On the other hand, retailer kitbag.com had tens of thousands of jerseys of France who being the defending champion was shot out of the first round even without scoring a single goal in the tournament. So a good forecasting is essential to make sure that the product will be in demand and the whole stock can be sold during the time. But as mentioned earlier, an exact forecasting is not possible. But had the manufacturer of ... Free Essays on FORECASTING(Manegment) Free Essays on FORECASTING(Manegment) Relate the situation with the world cup jerseys to the importance of forecasting. What specific factors make accurate forecasting especially critical in this application? WHAT IS FORECASTING: To foresee and make decisions accordingly is Forecasting. This is a word, which we can relate to a term Fortune telling. Forecasts are vital to every business organization and for every significant management decision. Forecasting is the basis of corporate long run planning. But it has to be remembered that a perfect forecast is usually impossible. Too many factors in the business environment cannot be predicted with certainty. Therefore, rather than search for the perfect forecast, it is far more important to establish the practice of to learn to live with inaccurate forecast. Relationship of Forecasting with W/C Jerseys: During the time of world cup, the jerseys of the participating team were a product, which would sell like hot cake. And for the athletic apparel companies that pay thousands of dollars to sponsor the top teams in the world cup, it is the time for them to recoup some of their investments. And to do this they have to predict before hand which team is going to win the world cup. Usually, the top teams like Brazil, Italy, and Argentina are always top favorite to win the world cup. But besides these countries other country jerseys are also hot favorite. Like during the first world cup of the new millennium held in Korea, the jerseys of Korea were sold weeks before their surprising run into the semifinals. On the other hand, retailer kitbag.com had tens of thousands of jerseys of France who being the defending champion was shot out of the first round even without scoring a single goal in the tournament. So a good forecasting is essential to make sure that the product will be in demand and the whole stock can be sold during the time. But as mentioned earlier, an exact forecasting is not possible. But had the manufacturer of ...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The best of intentions Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The best of intentions - Case Study Example If Cynthia offers the job to Steve, the company has a very high chance of losing their customers and if this happens, then it means they will all be out of work. This is a dilemma as Steve is the most qualified candidate and can take their company to the next level but he also prevents the growth of the company in that region where discrimination is still high. Letting him go is the best decision for everyone. If Steve is hired, it means that he cannot carry out his job to avoid losing the customers which simply impedes his growth in the company and the end result either way will be to let him go. It is better to not hire him and give him false hopes but simply let him find a better place without discrimination where he can exercise his potential. I would not take the job for the simple reason that I would be a hidden employee who is not at liberty to meet the customers whom I am supposed to work with. I would not want to be an invisible employee because invisible employees have no room for growth. Growth in nay organization requires being on the limelight showcasing one’s work but since appearing in the limelight will drive away the white customers, and then it is better not to take the job than have regrets years later. Steve should look at his goals and what he wants to achieve in the next several years. If he wants to expand his career and develop, or if he has big dreams for his future, then he should not take the job as the dream and goals will not be achieved. The parties need to sit down and draw of plan on how best Steve can be fruitful to the company while at the same time not anger and drive away their customers if they are to remain in business. The will need to find the best position for Steve in the company, one which will not hinder his development and impede his future growth while still providing his best skills and abilities to the

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

International perspective on childhood and childrens health Essay - 1

International perspective on childhood and childrens health - Essay Example This concept in education system is involved with the child’s rights to education and good living standards (Tony & Mel 1998). These rights encompass their social life, civil liberty and education. It also aims at taking off the notion or establishment of special schools that cater for students with specials needs or disabilities. Therefore, inclusion is a proponent policy that ensures that students with special needs spend a great deal of their time with the rest of the students in the school or education setting. However, this practice varies from place to place as the extent of the special needs at times dictate the extent to which the policy is adopted. Inclusion is taken to be different for mainstreaming and integration (Norwich 2008). These latter concepts concentrate more on the disability aspect of the student’s needs and the way the student should be ready to be adopted in the mainstream leaning facilities. In inclusion the schools have the obligation to incorp orate these students as well as take into consideration their rights to education, social wellbeing and civil liberty. In these schools the curriculum is a general one i.e. not specific to special needs students or the others but rather the content is summative and they learn it together (Margret & Kas 2000). In this system the students achieve equal benefits from education irrespective of the nature of their problems. Education institutions are also obligated to have their facilities in accommodating condition in that all students regardless of their challenges, they are able to derive satisfaction from them. The schools as well as the education policy formulators are required to come up with a curriculum that is all inclusive in the sense that the content in not at all discriminative and the students can learn together. The curriculum developed should put in consideration that students are from different cultural

Monday, November 18, 2019

How dos th movi lddin rprsnt wht dwrd Sid clls orinttion Essay

How dos th movi lddin rprsnt wht dwrd Sid clls orinttion - Essay Example Unncssry to sy, th significnc of nimtd films oprts on mny rgistrs, but on of th most prsusiv is th rol thy ply s th nw "tching mchins." Disny films succd in mrging n idology of chrm nd imprssion of virtu in nrrting storis tht hlp childrn undrstnd who thy r wht socitis thy blong to nd wht tht socitis r bout. Th powr ths films possss stms from thir uniqu form f rprsnttion. Th importnc of nimtd films s sourc of nw discovris nd lrning t th sm tim is hightnd by th common cknowldgmnt tht schools nd othr public sits r incrsingly ovrwhlmd by crisis of motivtion. Th mss mdi, spcilly Disny, on th othr hnd crts drm-lik world of scurity, vn though childrn quit oftn find thmslvs in th joylss rlity of schooling. Th ductionl significnc of nimtd films mks popl mor wr of tching possibilitis of Disny movis. Mny critics trid to nswr th qustion whthr Disny's nimtd films r good for kids nd whthr thy hv n ductionl impct on young gnrtions. But, sms lik thr is no n sy nswr to this qustion. Disny's most rcnt film lddin (1992) prsnts bundnt opportunity to ddrss how Disny is rsponsibl in constructing cultur of joy for childrn. lddin is th story of so-clld "strt-rt" who knw tht h could b mor. Whn h finlly finds lmp contining gni who grnts thr wishs, it sms tht myb his drms could com tru. But n vil vizir is scrtly plotting his downfll, not to mntion tht th princss of his drms is bord with sing th sm old, stuffd-shirt, nd pcock princs. lddin hs sold ovr 3 million copis in 1993 nd hs rnd "$1 billion from box-offics incom. s commnttor in Nwswk ltly sttd, "Th mrchndis--Mrmid dolls, lddin undos, nd collctibls lik sculptur of Bmbi's Fild Mous--ccount for stunning 20 prcnt of Disny's oprting incom." Thr r mny puzzls in th movi tht childrn r supposd to b ddrssing nd solving ftr, for xmpl, in lddin th issu of socity nd uthority is cntrd primrily on th rol of th young strt trmp, lddin. Jsmin, th Princss h flls in lov with is simply n objct of his instnt longing s wll s socil stpping ston. In contrry, Jsmin's lif is lmost ntirly dfind by mn, nd, in th nd, hr hppinss is insurd by lddin who finlly is givn oky to gt mrrid with hr. Thr r mny smll things in lddin movi tht rprsnt mricn cultur, rcism which is lso rproducd through rcilly codd lngug nd ccnts. For xmpl, lddin portrys th "trribl" rbs with substntil, forign ccnts, whil Jsmin nd lddin spk stndrd nglish. nothr mzing portryl of rprsnttions nd cods in which childrn r tught tht culturl diffrncs tht do not br th imprint of whit, middl-clss thnicity r bnorml, low-grdd, brinlss. Th rcism in this nimtd movi is dfind by both th prsnc of rcist rprsnttions nd th bsnc of complx rprsnttions of fricn-mricns nd othr popl of color. Morovr, th rprsnttionl dpiction of history, progrss, nd Wstrn cultur is prfctly cpturd by dwrd Sid's notion of orintlism. Culturl diffrnc in Disny's movi lddin is prsntd through "nturlizd" rcil hirrchy. Morovr, on cn hrdly sy tht thr is somthing innocnt in wht kids lrn bout rc s portryd in th "mgicl world" of Disny. Thr r mny critics of this movi s wll s dvocts, Yousf Slm, formr spoksprson for th South By

Friday, November 15, 2019

How Ministry Of Tourism Develop Tourism Industry Malaysia Philosophy Essay

How Ministry Of Tourism Develop Tourism Industry Malaysia Philosophy Essay The Ministry Of Tourism Malaysia can help to develop tourism in Malaysia by hosting different international events, giving discounts on holidays seasons, special packages, discounts for the elderly and childen, develop more natural attractions such as the lime stone mountins in Ipoh, preserving the natural beauty of the many natural attractions that Malaysia has to offer, start developing the infrastructure of Malaysia (meaning the transport system, public toilets, road safety is expected). Better night entertainment and to solve the corruption problem in Malaysia. Clean up all the dirty beaches, cheaper airline tickets for holiday seasons. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ by doing so customers from other countrys would be attracted to come to Malaysia for a holiday visit and therefore causing the tourism industry in Malaysia to increase thus bringing in more profit to the country for future developments and planning. one. In your opinion how Ministry Of Tourism can develop the tourism industry in Malaysia. The Ministry Of Tourism in Malaysia will be able to develop the tourism industry in Malaysia if they are willing to give out special discounts for familys who do not earn as much so has to purchase a ticket for a holiday to Malaysia at a lower price. By hosting a international concert with famous overseas celebrities will help to attract forigners to come and see the concert. Fans may even go on tour with them and follow them around therefore increasing tourism income in Malaysia. Giving discounts for holiday seasons, discounts for the elderly and children. Along with full packages for familys. Sometimes most familys want to take their parents or children on holiday with them but are unable because of the high price on airline tickets. Also to allow familys of working class (economic class) able to afford to come on holidays at lower prices. Full packages meaning accomodations travel guides and moreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ giving them the experience to sight seeing without any problems. Touri sts who have problems while on holiday can now be able to go to various tourist spots. Tour guides will help them to get around easily. By preserving and developing the natural environment in Malaysia for example Ipohs lime stone mountains which is a natural beauty that can attract tourist from other countries to come and visit Malaysia. By developing some free land to build some kind of entertainment for example a water theme park or dry theme park can also attract familys to come and enjoy relaxation. At the moment most of the natural attractions of Malaysia are being destroyed for profit and also causing pollution. By stopping the destruction of the natural attractions however you can develop something better for example a water theme park or exploration activity to entertain tourists. Cheaper alcohol entertainment. Tourists will want to enoy a good night out where alcohol is at a decent price. Most places nowadays the beer is very expensive and tourists are not able to enjoy a g ood night out without spending a lot of money. The prices of alcohol is important to attract tourists to a club or pub for a drinking session. Another main point is to start developing the infrastructure of Malaysia meaning that tranports (taxis, trains, buses) public rest room anything that a tourist is able to use. A tourist is not going to use a dirty rest room and this may create a very bad experience in Malaysia. Taxi fares are another major problem because many taxi drivers are taking advantage of foreigners causing them a lot of money on transportation. Overall only taxis are cheating tourists, buses and train systems are better than the taxis. The many night markets where stalls are selling fake jewellery or perfumes which have been tampered with. I had this experience before where I bought a perfume in a famous night market in Penang when I was a tourist here myself many years ago. Where I bought a bottle of Hugo Boss perfume that smelled like an ointment used for curing cramps and muscle aches. So by developing the infrastructure of Malaysia will help to increase tourism in Malaysia where tourist will not be taken advantage off. Corruption in Malaysia is a big issue where corrouption has taken its toll on tourism where illegal items are being sold, harrasment from corrupted police where foreigner have to pay or something. Solving corrouption will help to improve tourism in Malaysia. Tourists come to Malaysia wanting to enjoy water sports however there are only a few beaches where tourists can enjoy sports but are disgusted by the dirty beach itsself. So making sure that tourists are pleased with beaches is very important. so cleaning up the beaches are important for successful tourism in Malaysia. Many tourists are unable to purchace air tickets from foreign countries. Therefore lowering air tickets also help the poor touriststo be able to come to Malaysia for holiday. By doing all this will help to increase tourism rate will increase tremendously. Conclusion With all this knowhow the Ministry Of Malaysia should have no problem to increase tourist rates. So by allowing discounts for flights to Malaysia will encourage familys of the lower income to come for a holiday. Along with having cheaper airline tickets for all customers will also help with promoting tourism in Malaysia and also to attract tourists. Having discounts for the elderly and children. In most cases where tourists want to go on holiday they cannot do so because they cannot afford to buy many tickets and this is a problem for them to come with their children and grand parent. With special discounts for touists where children and elderly citizens gain a discount in price of the tickets thus encouraging tourists to come. Giving special packages to tourists will help them find their way around for example having tourist guides and so on. Giving tourists the best experience they can possibly get which will then encourage tourists to come. Develop more natural attractions such as the lime stone mountins in ipoh and preserving the natural beauty of the many natural attractions that Malaysia has to offer for example all the caves and lime stone mountains which are being destroyed for natural resources. Start developing the infrastructure of Malaysia (meaning the transport system, public toilets, road safety is expected) by developing all the transportations tourists will have no problem getting from A to B . Better alcohol entertainment in most places for night enjoyment, solve the corruption problem in Malaysia, clean up all the dirty beaches. These all all the main key factors inorder to promote and increasing Malaysia tourism industry. Question 2 What is happiness? What constitutes happiness for one and not for another? Happiness is the feeling that one will feel when he/she is pleased or not. There are many ways that one can be happy or become happy for example when some one says something nice to you or compliments you. But must be careful on what you say to some one as for if said to you it be a nice thing but to another might see it as an insult. One man word can be another man poison. Making sure that the words you say are correct in the way you mean to say it. Another way of making some one happy is when you compliment their looks but do not sound sarcastic when complimenting someone. Happiness can be achieved in many ways complmenting, seeing something you like, receving something you always wanted and so on. There are many ways to make some one happy in order to be happy yourself. Question two answer: What is happiness well basically; what is the purpose of life? It is to become happy. The country or society that people live in, they all have the same desire to become happy. However there are many ideals as difficult to grasp as happiness, in our life we will experience happiness and unhappiness but we still are ignorant as to what happiness really is. They are many ways that one can say to make someone happy or that someone can do to make you happy. Happiness come in all shapes, sizes and forms. But there are many ways that one can get upset from complimenting and so on. For example sounding sarcastic when praising someone. So being careful on how you saythings to people even if your complimenting someone they can see it as sarcasm. They could find it offensive or disrespectful by the way you say it. The are many thing you can say to someone to make them feel happy for example complimenting ones looks, just saying something to someone who is depressed to make then feel better with themselves. There are also many things that one can do to make someone feel happy who is depressed. For example making a fool of yourself to make him/her cheer up. Inviting him/her out to hang out and have a drink. But you must always remember that one mans happiness can be another mans poison This basically means that praising one person can be equal to making fun of another. This is called back stabbing someone always try to avoid talking about people to try make someone feel happy. Happiness is not worth the trouble if one person is happy but by doing so you hurt another person in the process. Sure you can think that they would not know about it but you would be supprised. When talking with someone there are many ways where one can become happy where words or gestures can result in someone becoming happy or cheer up. The meaning of life I would say is to become happy with what your doing. For example friendship or popularity can make someone become happy for the time being. Where others can envy them or begin to hate. Having friendship will cause someone to be happy, having more friends to contact with, having friend to keep then happy or cheering them up. Friendship is an important fact that consistutes towards happiness, along with popularity, when being popular one can feel happy or more the fact of being appericiated by others. Popularity can also cause some to start to envy you even jealous can be an effect of ones popularity. So then popularity can have its pro for a person and con for others. Like they say one mans food can be another mans poison. Another cosisitution would be a security of jobs or secure income. For example a family who have children. More importantly mothers and fathers who work would look for work that has either a secure job position or secure salary. This is considered as happiness because a family will feel happy if they are able to hold a good job. Parents feeling happy that they are able to look after themselves and your children with ease.Holding a steady job and a steady salary can help some be become happy. Children and nephews of familys can also be a factor that constitutes towards happiness. Parents with children will feel the joy of happiness once they have given birth is completed the feeling of being over joyed. To the feeling of proudness and somewhat sadness when the once baby is now a young adult and has started his own adulthood. This is one of the factors that happiness can been gained for a family. The feeling of pampering a young child to arguing with a young adult is a main factor that consists towards the happiness of children. Satisfying the needs of a person, when someones needs has been fulfilled that person will feel the joy of happiness for example finishing an important task that you have been working on. The hard work of doing something and the outcome of that task.Example getting a raise or praised by superiors. Or the feeling of finishing reading or writing a book the feeling of proudness. All this can constitute towards happiness. Being a good listener to someone who is talking. By being a good listener to someone who is upset or just needs someone to talk to will cause that person to feel better. Listening to the persons feeling giving examples and advice to make him/her feel better about themselves. Also just the fact of being a good listener can help to make some one feel berrer. As they now have someone to talk to about all their problems. A good listener will change the mood and attitude of a person to become happy depending on how the conversation goes. Keeping someone who feels lonely and give that person company. Being a good friend by accompanying someone who needs a friends. Keeping someone company can help that person feel better and become happy. Just simply walking around or asking them out for a drink or game can help someone who is depressed become better. Happiness comes from the help of others. By simply being a good friend can help someone become happy. Happiness is about the state of ones mind. So just by being a good friend or accompanying someone can be considered as a factor of happiness. Love can also be a factor that constitutes towards happiness When finding love this can be found as a good factor that consists for ones happiness. When finding love it can help one feel the joys of a relationship, happiness and at times remorsful. When your are with partner you will surely feel happy having a romantic time or whatsoever the feeling will result in one being happy. Happiness can be found in the heart of all relationships. When with your partner or simply texting or messaging them will make one feel happy always. Relaxing When at home or anywhere just simply taking time off to relax yourself will help with encouraging happiness just simply enjoying yourself and have a good time. Taking a nap or sitting down after a long day work can release stress, taking time off doing things you want to do. All these can help constitute towards happiness. Relaxing oneself doing all the things that they want to do. Relaxation is a great way for one to become happy. Where a overly stressed man can take time off and relax himself, being relaxed therefore becoming happier. Religion and religious aspects. When one chose religion and all the many religious aspects to follow once in the religion one can feel have relaxed feeling of happiness and prosperity knowing that there are many ways to worship a certain god. If one belives that their god will protect them from harm and bad luck they will feel happy and safe from harm. Knowing that when they passed away they can go to a better place. Every religion has a diffirent god and diffirent views but in the end has the same outcome the safe feeling and happiness. So having religion and following the religious aspects of life is a good way to ensure happiness. A day/night out with friends When going for a day or night out with friends one will feel happy because you can enjoy the day or night either going for a drink with friends or fully enjoying the night or going to have a singing session or simply watching a movie with friends. There are many activities where someone can be happy and enjoy themselves. Being day time or at night friends with activities to do can end up in a great time making one happy so then hanging out wih friends can be a great way to achieve happiness. Time with your family. when spending time with your family for example a vacation or just simply at home or a outing one can easily enjoy a good time. It is proven that when spending time with your family with make others happy and yourself as well. For example doing things that you have always wanted to do as a family such as a vacation, enjoying beautiful views and etc Just simply having a good time with ones family is a factor that consistutes towards happiness. Vacations or holidays Taking time off on a holiday season to go on a holiday / vacation is a great way to achieve happiness, going places with ones family or alone just taking in the sights, good food or shopping all these and more activities can easily help in making one happy therefore having a good time. Some popular destinations would be Hawaii, Spain and so on. All these places also can have cultural diffirences for people who enjoy different customs. A lot good vacations are placed at good locations. So having a vacation or a holiday is a great way to achieve happiness. Question two conclusion. There are many ways that someone can become happy or that somebody can do to make you happy and the many ways to make yourself happy. There are many aspects towards happiness as for anyone will be able to please you or help you become happier. For example how you treat your friends and the tone of your voice. Being careful on how you say things as people can easily missunderstood your intentions, thinking that you are being sarcastic and knowing how to say the correct words and phrases to people. Along with the many various factors that can constitute towards happiness.Religion, friendship, love and so on all these factors can help one achieve happiness when depressed or sad. Happiness is in the eye of the beholder this mean that happiness can only be gained on how one looks at things. And also remembering that one mans food can be another mans poison. This mean to be careful on how you say things making sure that you say things correctly and not sounding sarcastic or rude.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Mongolian History :: essays research papers

Mongolia RISE OF GHENGIS (Chinggis) KHAN After the migration of the Jurchen, the Borjigin Mongols had emerged in central Mongolia as the leading clan of a loose federation. The principal Borjigin Mongol leader, Kabul Khan, began a series of raids into Jin in 1135. In 1162 (some historians say 1167), Temujin, the first son of Mongol chieftain Yesugei, and grandson of Kabul, was born. Yesugei, who was chief of the Kiyat subclan of the Borjigin Mongols, was killed by neighboring Tatars in 1175, when Temujin was only twelve years old. The Kiyat rejected the boy as their leader and chose one of his kin instead. Temujin and his immediate family were abandoned and apparently left to die in a semi-desert, mountainous region. Temujin did not die, however. In a dramatic struggle described in The Secret History of the Mongols, Temujin, by the age of twenty, had become the leader of the Kiyat subclan and by 1196, the unquestioned chief of the Borjigin Mongols. Sixteen years of nearly constant warfare followed as Temujin consolidated his power north of the Gobi. Much of his early success was because of his first alliance, with the neighboring Kereit clan, and because of subsidies that he and the Kereit received from the Jin emperor in payment for punitive operations against Tatars and other tribes that threatened the northern frontiers of Jin. Jin by this time had become absorbed into the Chinese cultural system and was politically weak and increasingly subject to harassment by Western Xia, the Chinese, and finally the Mongols. Later Temujin broke with the Kereit, and, in a series of major campaigns, he defeated all the Mongol and Tatar tribes in the region from the Altai Mountains to Manchuria. In time Temuj in emerged as the strongest chieftain among a number of contending leaders in a confederation of clan lineages. His principal opponents in this struggle had been the Naiman Mongols, and he selected Karakorum (west-southwest of modern Ulaanbaatar, near modern Har Horin), their capital, as the seat of his new empire. In 1206 Temujin's leadership of all Mongols and other peoples they had conquered between the Altai Mountains and the Da Hinggan (Greater Khingan) Range was acknowledged formally by a council of chieftains as their khan. Temujin took the honorific chinggis, meaning supreme or great (also romanized as genghis or jenghiz), creating the title Chinggis Khan, in an effort to signify the unprecedented scope of his power.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Utilizing Online Social Networking Sites Paper

Utilizing Online Social Networking Sites Paper Class: BSHS/352 Technology is constantly expanding and making it easier and more convenient to communicate and network with individuals and various organizations that we may not otherwise of had the opportunity to connect with. One area of technology that is growing at a fast rate and offering individuals and businesses, rather it be their professional life or personal the opportunity to make lasting connections is social networking sites. Social networking has become an excellent tool for businesses and individuals to connect and share information that can prove vital to their business.Sites like Facebook and LinkedIn are becoming popular and are an effective way to grow your business whether it is through networking with similar organizations and getting beneficial information from them or expanding your cliental by reaching out to those who may need or want your services. LinkedIn has become a vital tool used by the working profession al, assisting them with making connections or linking up with other working professional to share what work and what doesn’t work as well as connecting them with local or online support groups or networking groups.Members of LinkedIn are able to create a profile that gives a detail list of their educational background as well as their work experience. Users are able to browse the social networking site to view the profiles of other individuals, organizations, or companies within their field and follow the organization of choice and their postings. My ultimate dream is to create a nonprofit organization that is geared toward targeting at risk youth and their families.The whole concept is to help the whole family and not just focus your attention on the youth that may be having emotional or behavioral issues but offer mental and emotional support for the entire family, implementing various programs and workshops that will assist the entire family in growing, working, and playin g together. Networking sites like LinkedIn can prove to be vital as I take the steps necessary to make this dream a reality. As I was browsing through the site I came across a few groups in my local area that met up monthly for lunch to discuss the ideas and challenges of those looking to start a nonprofit.I also took the time to search for companies or organizations that were geared toward working with and advocating for children. I was really quite excited to be able to look at their profile, view their web pages and doing so helped me to get some ideas and get my juices flowing. I have considered making connections with the various organizations I have seen on LinkedIn in hope that they could link me to information, people, and training opportunities that could possibly put me one step closer to my dream.I am also interested in going to the next luncheon for nonprofit communicators in Raleigh just to get feedback regarding my idea and you never know someone at one of these lunche ons could either help me get closer to making my dream a reality or can link me to an individual or organization who can. I have found sites such as LinkedIn can prove to be extremely beneficial in making lasting connections within the business community and it gives those with businesses the opportunity to link up with other businesses to get feedback, advice, and possibly connect you with someone who can help you take your organization or company to the next level.This site also enables professionals to come together with the common ground of helping and motivating each other. Within the human service field this site can connect you to so many resources that can only assist in providing your clients with the ultimate experience. Having a site where human service workers from all fields and from all areas can come together online and share their experience, advice, and resources can prove to be helpful to the community as a whole.LinkedIn not only connect likeminded people but it o ffers an opportunity to share information regarding training and workshops that could assist organizations in staying up to date with the latest software and/or regulations. Such training and workshops can keep your organization competitive and allows you to offer your clients the best possible service. The best way to keep any business or organization growing is to continue to gain knowledge in your particular field.Always be willing and open to learning and growing, this is what the training and workshops are there for to assist businesses and organizations in improving their techniques and staying relevant and competitive. Sites such as LinkedIn can offer you the ability to gain knowledge and training from some very successful people. Human service workers who use online social networking sites such as LinkedIn can find being affiliated with professional groups and connections to offer more than just sharing experiences, advice, training, and connections to resources.Another bene fit to being a part of an online community such as LinkedIn is the ability to request referrals from the connections you met online. Users can also request sponsorships or recommendations from other users. Human service workers who are affiliated with sites such as LinkedIn may also be able to connect with local churches that could assist connecting the human service worker to the communities that need their assistance the most. Employers often look at profiles on these online social networking sites to assist them in finding employees as well.Although social networking sites such as Facebook and LinkedIn are excellent tools to stay connected to various resources there are other technical tools that can be used to expand and maintain your connections. Smartphones have proven to be a vital tool to use as well with various applications directed at making the life of professionals easier. The goal of a human service worker is to effectively and efficiently assist the client in improvin g their lives and often times this requires connecting them to other resources.Social networking sites such as LinkedIn can assist human service workers in making numerous connections all at the touch of a mouse to various resources and training opportunities. Having online support that provide advice, training, and encouragement, of the human service worker can assist them in helping their clients meet their goals. Reference: 2012. LinkedIn. com. Retrieved from http//www. linkedin. com/home? trk_tab_home_top

Friday, November 8, 2019

Cytoplasm - Definition and Function

Cytoplasm - Definition and Function Cytoplasm consists of all of the contents outside of the nucleus and enclosed within the cell membrane of a cell. It is clear in color and has a gel-like appearance. Cytoplasm is composed mainly of water but also contains enzymes, salts, organelles, and various organic molecules. Cytoplasm Functions The cytoplasm functions to support and suspend organelles and cellular molecules. Many cellular processes also occur in the cytoplasm. Some of these processes include protein synthesis, the first stage of cellular respiration (known as glycolysis), mitosis, and meiosis. In addition, the cytoplasm helps to move materials, such as hormones, around the cell and also dissolves cellular waste. Divisions The cytoplasm can be divided into two primary parts: the endoplasm (endo-,-plasm) and ectoplasm (ecto-,-plasm). The endoplasm is the central area of the cytoplasm that contains the organelles. The ectoplasm is the more gel-like peripheral portion of the cytoplasm of a cell. Components Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria and archaeans, do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. In these cells, the cytoplasm consists of all of the contents of the cell inside the plasma membrane. In eukaryotic cells, such as plant and animal cells, the cytoplasm consists of three main components. They are the cytosol, organelles, and various particles and granules called cytoplasmic inclusions. Cytosol: The cytosol is the semis of organelles include mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus, lysosomes, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Also located within the cytoplasm is the cytoskeleton, a network of fibers that help the cell maintain its shape and provide support for organelles.Cytoplasmic Inclusions: Cytoplasmic inclusions are particles that are temporarily suspended in the cytoplasm. Inclusions consist of macromolecules and granules. Three types of inclusions found in the cytoplasm are secretory inclusions, nutritive inclusions, and pigment granules. Examples of secretory inclusions are proteins, enzymes, and acids. Glycogen (glucose storage molecule) and lipids are examples of nutritive inclusions. Melanin found in skin cells is an example of a pigment granule inclusion. Cytoplasmic Streaming Cytoplasmic streaming, or cyclosis, is a process by which substances are circulated within a cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs in a number of cell types including plant cells, amoeba, protozoa, and fungi. Cytoplasmic movement may be influenced by several factors including the presence of certain chemicals, hormones, or changes in light or temperature. Plants employ cyclosis to shuttle chloroplasts to areas receiving the most available sunlight. Chloroplasts are the plant organelles responsible for photosynthesis and require light for the process. In protists, such as amoeba and slime molds, cytoplasmic streaming is used for locomotion. Temporary extensions of the cytoplasm known as pseudopodia are generated that are valuable for movement and capturing food. Cytoplasmic streaming is also required for cell division as the cytoplasm must be distributed among daughter cells formed in mitosis and meiosis. Cell Membrane The cell membrane or plasma membrane is the structure that keeps cytoplasm from spilling out of a cell. This membrane is composed of phospholipids, which form a lipid bilayer that separates the contents of a cell from the extracellular fluid. The lipid bilayer is semi-permeable, meaning that only certain molecules are able to diffuse across the membrane to enter or exit the cell. Extracellular fluid, proteins, lipids, and other molecules may be added to a cells cytoplasm by endocytosis. In this process, molecules and extracellular fluid are internalized as the membrane turns inward forming a vesicle. The vesicle encloses the fluid and molecules and buds off from the cell membrane forming an endosome. The endosome moves within the cell to deliver its contents to their appropriate destinations. Substances are removed from the cytoplasm by exocytosis. In this process, vesicles budding from Golgi bodies fuse with the cell membrane expelling their contents from the cell. The cell membrane also provides structural support for a cell by serving as a stable platform for the attachment of the cytoskeleton and cell wall (in plants). Sources: â€Å"Cytoplasmic inclusions.† The Free Dictionary, Farlex, medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cytoplasmic inclusions. â€Å"Ectoplasm.† The Free Dictionary, Farlex, medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ectoplasm.â€Å"Endoplasm.† The Free Dictionary, Farlex, medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/endoplasm.Goldstein, Raymond E., and Jan-Willem van de Meent. â€Å"A physical perspective on cytoplasmic streaming.† Interface Focus, The Royal Society, 6 Aug. 2015, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4590424/.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Free Essays on Great Gatsby - Women

The turn of the century made many influences on the world. However, it was approximately in the 1920’s when women become more independent, delegated, and responsible for more things in the world than just keeping the house tidy, as was the mentality back in those days. The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is a true literary masterpiece based on the tragic life of Jay Gatsby through the eyes of his acquaintance and neighbour, Nick Carraway. The story travels through different settings based on New York, and many characters are introduced and portrayed in their true behaviour. However, through his constant implications during the story of the negative characteristics women possess, Fitzgerald openly shows his opinion that women generally have low moral qualities, and demonstrates this by the actions and speech illustrated by the three female characters: Daisy Buchanan, Jordan Baker, and Myrtle Wilson. In the eyes of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Daisy Buchanan was the typical depiction of the rich, young, married woman of the 1920’s. Although she was capable of showing warmth at certain times, when later reconsidered, it is seen that this is more of a faà §ade to make herself popular. In relation to Fitzgerald’s own wife, Zelda, Daisy could not marry young Jay Gatsby because he was not wealthy, which was more important in her mind than the love she actually had for him. Also, Daisy’s child in the story also seems to be seen as more of a toy in her mind than an actual child, and when referring to her, Daisy further proved her own naivety when wishing the child a life similar to her own. â€Å"†¦And I hope she’ll be a fool, that’s the best thing a girl can be in this world today, a beautiful little fool.† (Pg 17). Daisy’s true character was revealed when she rejected Gatsby one final time, but never owned up for the death of Myrtle Wilson, leaving Gatsby as the one responsible. Myrtle Wilson was not the greatest of char... Free Essays on Great Gatsby - Women Free Essays on Great Gatsby - Women The turn of the century made many influences on the world. However, it was approximately in the 1920’s when women become more independent, delegated, and responsible for more things in the world than just keeping the house tidy, as was the mentality back in those days. The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is a true literary masterpiece based on the tragic life of Jay Gatsby through the eyes of his acquaintance and neighbour, Nick Carraway. The story travels through different settings based on New York, and many characters are introduced and portrayed in their true behaviour. However, through his constant implications during the story of the negative characteristics women possess, Fitzgerald openly shows his opinion that women generally have low moral qualities, and demonstrates this by the actions and speech illustrated by the three female characters: Daisy Buchanan, Jordan Baker, and Myrtle Wilson. In the eyes of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Daisy Buchanan was the typical depiction of the rich, young, married woman of the 1920’s. Although she was capable of showing warmth at certain times, when later reconsidered, it is seen that this is more of a faà §ade to make herself popular. In relation to Fitzgerald’s own wife, Zelda, Daisy could not marry young Jay Gatsby because he was not wealthy, which was more important in her mind than the love she actually had for him. Also, Daisy’s child in the story also seems to be seen as more of a toy in her mind than an actual child, and when referring to her, Daisy further proved her own naivety when wishing the child a life similar to her own. â€Å"†¦And I hope she’ll be a fool, that’s the best thing a girl can be in this world today, a beautiful little fool.† (Pg 17). Daisy’s true character was revealed when she rejected Gatsby one final time, but never owned up for the death of Myrtle Wilson, leaving Gatsby as the one responsible. Myrtle Wilson was not the greatest of char...

Monday, November 4, 2019

Many organizations develop strategic plans Assignment

Many organizations develop strategic plans - Assignment Example Since then, this system has been effectively utilized for the purpose of translating an organization’s active business strategies along with its broad mission. In addition, the balanced scorecard has also been used in a few of the most critical drivers that drives the future performance of an organization i.e. business processes, capabilities along with resources. These aspects have been fruitful in ascertaining a greater set of outcomes such as meeting the interests of the consumers along with the development and prosperity of organizations. All these facets of balanced scorecard can prove to be beneficial as it authenticates that the numerous private, public along with not-for-profit organizations have accepted and utilized this particular method. It has also been regarded as a part of their overall strategic management approach. Based on this factor, the authenticity along with the wide applicability of the balanced scorecard in relation to the execution of strategy can be determined. It has also been studied that this particular tool is utilized in order to reduce a lot of operational barriers in a highly professional manner (Claude, 2008). In addition, it has also been learnt that the balanced scorecard can be utilized in a very strategic manner as well. ... Over the years, balanced scorecard has provided great aid to numerous organizations along with suppliers for designing and implementing various strategies. All these factors combined together have been responsible for overcoming the vision barrier to a very large extent. In this regard, Kaplan was able to define the increasing rate of barriers that seem to put the operational capacities of various organizations at stake. In this similar regard, he has also explained that through sustained organizational efforts along with optimum utilization of this particular scorecard, a large number of organizational barriers could be averted. In a different context, Norton, Kaplan and others have delivered weightage on the fact that in order to achieve all round success in an organization, the scorecard needs to be utilized in a tricky manner. They explained that in order to create organizational success, clarity in the communication strategy is needed to be maintained at all levels. This results in the formation of effective strategies as well (Claude, 2008; Niven, 2010). Section 2: A. Critique of the Division’s Use of the Balanced Scorecard The balanced scorecard highlighted upon the most important aspects such as increase undergraduate student retention and engagement, develop students as ethical leaders and agents of positive change among others. All these aspect combined together have proved the authenticity of the balanced scorecard. Other aspects such as increased retention and graduation rates for targeted populations and decreased violations of community standards among others validate the division’s use of the Balanced Scorecard.

Friday, November 1, 2019

Presentist History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Presentist History - Essay Example Even those who were already born during this period may not remember much about it. Despite this, it is clear that Americans cannot escape the foundational legacy left by the Great. At the very least, it is known that during that period, times were really bad because the Great depression is the standard by which economists, historians and journalists measure most of other potentially bad times that followed. Liberal and Conservative economists still argue over the cause of the depression but the fact remains that it happened and in the process scarred the lives of millions of Americans while at the same time changed the course of United States politics. The parallels between the Economic Crisis of 2008 and the Great Depression have been subject to many comments. The current economic crisis is believed by some economists to be as bad as the Great Depression but this point highly disputable. As economists and historians continue with their debates, the effects of the 2008 recession are still felt all around the globe. Introduction Depressions lead to large and persistent declines in economic activities of a nation. They feature a major crime whereby an economy is leveled. There are always a number suspects who possibly contributed to the depression. The most fascinating aspect of depressions is that they manage to remain a mystery. They are mysterious when looked at from the perspective of standard economics. This is so particularly in countries that are highly developed such as the United States, Britain, Australia that ideally should not have them because of their relatively efficient institutions and well functioning economies.1 This then begs the question as to what makes such economies go bad. This paper will assess the features of crises and depressions, with a focus on the Great Depression and the recent economic recession of 2008. Though these crises initially occurred in the United States, their magnitude was felt all over the world. In the United States , the effects of the systemic crisis are easily seen due to the recent political, economic, and ideological developments. Output and employment levels in the U.S. gradually fell at a great speed that had never been seen for many decades with the situation getting worse to a point that forced the government to introduce bailout plans to rescue some of the economic sectors. General Motors and Citigroup which were two of the largest corporations in the US, one a symbol of the manufacturing prowess of the US and the other the largest bank became insolvent. Policies that had previously been effective in overcoming past financial recessions and crises such as institutional bailouts and expansionary monetary policies were not capable in stemming the 2008 crisis.2 Comparisons: The Similarities It is important to note that in terms of real economic decline as measured by unemployment, real GDP or Industrial Production, the Great Recession was relatively minor. In the period between 1929 and 1933, the real GDP of the US fell by close to 30 percent. On the other hand, between 2007 and 2009 the real GDP fell by slightly over 5 percent. In 1933, unemployment in the U.S. peaked at 25 percent whereas in 2009 it was slightly above 10 percent.3 The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics places the unemployment rate at 8.2 percent as of March 2012.4 Though this rate is still high, it cannot be compared to the rate that prevailed during the 1930s. Secondly,